An Essay Question the Monuments Fine Arts and Archives Program

Third US Army discovers looted art treasures hidden by Nazis in a salt mine.

3rd United states of america Army discovers looted fine art treasures hidden by Nazis in a salt mine. —United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, courtesy of Joseph Eaton

Introduction

During the Second World War, Adolf Hitler mandated that other nations' cultural property exist obtained, frequently forcibly, for the greater good of the state. The Nazis targeted private Jewish collections, public museums and organizations deemed to be at odds with Nazi credo, such every bit Freemasons. Their goals were both financial and cultural. Hitler wanted to enrich the Third Reich and its leaders with exquisite and culturally meaning treasures, sell looted art that did non reverberate the Reich's ethics for strange currency, and create the Führermuseum, envisioned as the cultural center of the world, in his hometown of Linz, Republic of austria.

The plunder and looting of art and other treasures was not limited to the Third Reich, however. The Soviet and American armies likewise participated, the former more than thoroughly and systematically, the latter at the level of individuals stealing for personal gain. Other Axis countries also looted individual Jewish collections.

The Washington Conference of Holocaust Era Assets (1998), followed by the Terezin Announcement (2009) renewed efforts to restitute cultural goods to their rightful owners. As a result various national organizations were created and numerous laws passed. Information about looted fine art has increasingly moved online, including databases of individual works still missing or items with unknown provenance.

The following bibliography was compiled to guide readers to materials on looted art that are in the Library's collection. It is not meant to be exhaustive. Annotations are provided to help the user decide the item's focus, and call numbers for the Museum's Library are given in parentheses post-obit each citation. Those unable to visit might be able to find these works in a nearby public library or larn them through interlibrary loan. Follow the "Detect in a library near y'all" link in each citation and enter your nothing code at the Open WorldCat search screen. The results of that search indicate all libraries in your area that own that item title. Talk to your local librarian for assist.

Background Information

Akinsha, Konstantin, et al. Beautiful Loot: The Soviet Plunder of Europe's Art Treasures. New York: Random House, 1995. (N 8795.iii .G3 A39 1995) [Find in a library nigh you]

Chronicles the meticulous planning and organization involved in the Soviet Union'due south wholesale confiscation of more 2 and a one-half million European cultural treasures, including fine art objects, books, and archival documents, from the newly defeated Germans. Explores the discovery that numerous objects were never recovered and are still hidden in Russia. Includes illustrations, notes, a bibliography, and an index.
Alford, Kenneth D. Nazi Plunder: Cracking Treasure Stories of World State of war Two. Cambridge, MA: Da Capo, 2001. (D 810 .A7 A44 2001) [Find in a library near you lot]

Profiles 21 separate cases of looting and confiscation of art and other valuables during and immediately subsequently the war. Highlights facts and theories of the whereabouts of these collections. Includes appendices, a bibliography, endnotes, illustrations, and an index.
Alford, Kenneth D. The Spoils of World State of war II: The American War machine's Role in the Stealing of Europe's Treasures. New York: Carol Publishing Group, 1994. (D 810 .A7 A37 1994) [Find in a library near you]

Relates the story of the United States Army'due south plunder of valuable art and artifacts post-obit the liberation of Germany. Includes an appendix, notes, and an index, along with several black and white illustrations.
Chamberlin, E. R. Loot!: The Heritage of Plunder. New York: Facts on File, 1983. (N 8795 .C41983) [Find in a library near you]

Provides historical context for Hitler's looting campaigns by reviewing the looting practices of ancient civilizations, third world countries, and Napoleon, who, similar Hitler, appropriated cultural treasures for the greater celebrity of the state. Includes numerous illustrations, a bibliography, and an index.
De Jaeger, Charles. The Linz File: Hitler'southward Plunder of Europe'south Art. Exeter, England: Webb & Bower, 1981. (North 8795 .D35 1981) [Find in a library nigh y'all]

Describes Hitler's special mission to amass an enormous collection of the world's greatest artworks with which to create the Führermuseum. Also relates the United States Army's efforts to recover the works and make restitution. Includes a list of major works still missing, a bibliography, and an index.
Feliciano, Hector. The Lost Museum: The Nazi Conspiracy to Steal the Earth'southward Greatest Works of Art. New York: BasicBooks, 1997. (N 8795.3 .F8 F4613 1997) [Notice in a library most yous]

Details Nazi Germany's highly organized and systematic plunder of fine art objects, focusing on the confiscations of five large private fine art collections owned by Jewish families and art dealers in France. Provides reproductions of numerous looted art pieces and original documents seized from Schenker International Transport, a German company involved in moving stolen works of art. Also includes the text of an interview with Alain Versay regarding the Schloss collection, notes, and an index.
Hickley, Catherine. The Munich Art Hoard: Hitler's Dealer and His Hugger-mugger Legacy. London: Thames et Hudson, 2015. (N8795.3.E85 H53 2015) [Detect in a library near you]

Presents the history of the "Gurlitt Hoard" found in the flat of the son of Hildebrand Gurlitt, an art dealer who worked for the Nazis. Traces the lives of the Gurlitt family and the acquisition of the family. Provides context on Nazi art looting and postal service-war restitution isses. Includes photographs, a Gurlitt family tree and an index.
Nicholas, Lynn H. The Rape of Europa: The Fate of Europe's Treasures in the Tertiary Reich and the Second World War. New York: Vintage Books, 1995. (N 8795.iii .E85 N53 1995) [Find in a library near you]

An extensively-researched work on the pillage, plunder, and often destruction of Europe's greatest art treasures by the Third Reich and the Soviet Wedlock, likewise as the restitution of much of the property by American "Monuments officers." Includes illustrations, a bibliography, notes, and an index.
Petropoulos, Jonathan. Fine art as Politics in the Third Reich. Chapel Hill: Academy of North Carolina Press, 1996. (North 6868.5 .N37 P48 1996) [Detect in a library near you]

Traces the development of Nazi Frg'southward cultural policy from the establishment of a cultural hierarchy and the purge of art earth undesirables to the plunder and confiscation of cultural property. Also examines the collections of some of Nazi Germany'due south elite fine art collectors and their means of conquering, too as the importance of collecting within the National Socialist framework. Includes an appendix, notes, a bibliography, and an index.
Petropoulos, Jonathan. The Faustian Bargain: The Art World in Nazi Germany. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000. (N 6868.v .N37 P4823 2000) [Find in a library near you]

Evaluates the participation of prominent members of the German language art world in the Third Reich's cultural program of looting European and Jewish artworks during World State of war II. Devotes separate chapters to examining the roles of museum directors, dealers, journalists, and artists. Includes detailed notes, a bibliography, and an index.
Roxan, David, and Ken Wanstall. The Rape of Art: The Story of Hitler's Plunder of the Great Masterpieces of Europe. New York: Coward-McCann, 1965. (N 8795 .R76 1964) [Notice in a library virtually you lot]

Chronicles Hitler'south groovy plundering campaigns and his thwarted attempt to make Linz, Republic of austria, his childhood home, the cultural center of the world, replete with museums, library, and theater. Also provides an account of the U.s.a. Regular army's quest to locate the treasures and make restitution. Based on the now declassified O.Southward.S. Art Looting Investigation Unit of measurement-Consolidated Interrogation Rep. Includes illustrations and an index.
Simon, Matila. The Battle of the Louvre: The Struggle to Relieve French Art in Earth State of war II. New York: Hawthorn Books, 1971. (N 8795 .S35 1971) [Find in a library nearly you]

Details the undercover and well-organized mission to save the Louvre's famous and valuable artworks from Germans confiscation. Reviews the programs successes and failures, and describes the Nazi'south obsessive pursuit of these French cultural treasures. Includes 20-half dozen black and white illustrations, a bibliography, and an index.

Catalogs and Provenance Inquiry

Also see Web Resources.

Fleckner, Uwe. "Marketing the defamed: on the contradictory use of provenances in the Third Reich." In Provenance: An Culling History of Art edited by Gail Feigenbaum and Inge J. Reist, 137-153. Los Angeles, Calif: Getty Research Plant, 2013. (N3999 .P76 2013) [Find in a library about you]

Details how the Nazis used provenance of "degenerate fine art" for negative propaganda and to boost auction prices of works sold in Switzerland. Includes photographs and bibliographic references.
Honan, William H. Treasure Chase: A New York Times Reporter Tracks the Quedlinburg Hoard. New York: Fromm International, 1997. (N 7950 .A1 H66 1997) [Find in a library nigh you]

Provides the author's account of his part in tracking downward valuable objects looted from an art repository in Germany by an American soldier subsequently the war. Includes illustrations.
Le Masne de Chermont, Isabelle and Laurence Sigal-Klagsbald. Looking for Owners: French Policy for Provenance Enquiry, Restitution and Custody of Art Stolen in France during Earth War Two. Paris: Réunion des Musées Nationaux, 2008. (North 9165 .F7 L4 2008) [Notice in a library nigh you]

Reproduces images and provenance enquiry of looted art from a 2008 exhibition in Paris. Each description includes background on the painting, how and when it was taken to Nazi Federal republic of germany, and details on its return to France, and contact information to brand a claim of ownership. Includes a chronology and an alphabetize; bilingual text in both English and French.
Milosch, Jane C., Lynn H. Nicholas, and Megan M. Fontanella, ed. "Collections : a periodical for museum and archives professionals : focus consequence : provenance research in American institutions." (N3999 .C65 2014) [Detect in a library near you]

Collects articles on resources, initiatives, case studies and opinion pieces about pro venance enquiry of Nazi-looted art. Includes foreword, illustrations, introduction and bibliographic references.
Morozzi, Luisa, and Rita Paris, editors. Treasures Untraced: An Inventory of the Italian Fine art Lost During the Second World War. Rome: Istituto poligrafico e Zecca dello Stato, 1995. [Find in a library near yous]

Catalogs works of art and valuable items that were looted from Italy by the Nazis. Includes appendices, a bibliography, illustrations, and indexes.
Mravik, László, editor. The "Sacco Di Budapest" and Depredation of Republic of hungary, 1938-1949: Works of Fine art Missing from Hungary equally a Effect of the 2d World War: Looted, Smuggled, Captured, Lost and Destroyed Art Works, Books, and Archival Documents: Preliminary and Provisional Catalog. Budapest: Hungarian National Gallery for the Articulation Restitution Committee at the Hungarian Ministry of Culture and Education, 1998. [Find in a library nigh you]

Presents materials related to the pillage and destruction of art, books, and archival documents from Republic of hungary during and immediately after World War Two. Includes a chronology, illustrations, and primary source documents.
Wechsler, Helen J., Teri Coate-Saal, and John Lukavic. Museum Policy and Procedures for Nazi-Era Problems. Washington, DC: American Association of Museums, 2001. (N 8795.iii .E85 M87 2001) [Notice in a library near you]

A guide for museums on Nazi-era issues every bit they pertain to collections and their provenance. Addresses matters relating to acquisitions, loans, existing collections, claims of buying, and fiduciary responsibilities. Reprints in total the AAM Guidelines Concerning the Unlawful Appropriation of Objects during the Nazi Era. Also includes examples of museum documents and policies on these matters and a serial of related appendices.
Yeide, Nancy H., Konstantin Akinsha, and Amy 50. Walsh, editors. The AAM Guide to Provenance Inquiry. Washington, DC: American Association of Museums, 2001. (N 3999.Y45 2001) [Detect in a library near you]

Provides official American Association of Museums guidelines and strategies for conducting provenance research with special detail to Holocaust history and procedures. Appendices include bibliographies, biographies, profiles of dealers and auctions, photographs, and archival contact information too as Nazi reference codes and names of Nazi art thieves.

Postwar Recovery

Edsel, Robert Chiliad, and Bret Witter. The Monuments Men: Allied Heroes, Nazi Thieves, and the Greatest Treasure Hunt in History. 2013. (D810.A7 E23 2009) [Find in a library about you]

Presents the history of the Monuments, Fine Arts and Archives section, aka the Monuments Men, whose mission was to preserve European cultural heritage during the state of war and the recovery, identification and return postwar. Describes how the MFAA started, the museum and art history backgrounds of many members and their missions across Europe and North Africa. Provides information on their postwar activities including the establishment of collecting points in the American occupation zone. Includes brief biographies of MFAA members, illustrations, map, bibliographic references index.
Lauterbach, Iris, and James J. Sheehan. The Key Collecting Point in Munich. A new first for the restitution and protection of fine art. Los Angeles: Getty Trust Publications, 2019. (N9165.G3 L3813 2018) [Find in a library most you]

Documents the history of the Munich Central Collecting Bespeak where recovered looted art was identified, restored and restituted. Describes the day-to-day operations, the resource used and created, the challenges faced by the Monuments, Fine Fine art and Archives department, and the political bug that arose. Ends with a clarification of activities after 1949 when Germans took over the piece of work. Contains a cursory history of plunder throughout history, extensive illustrations, introduction, bibliographic references and index.
Perry, Victor. Stolen Art. Hewlett, NY: Gefen Publishing, 2000. (Northward 5280 .Y82 S586 2000) [Find in a library most y'all]

Journalistic account of the writer's quest to locate lost artworks from the drove of Erich Chlomovitch, a Yugoslavian Jewish collector.
Smyth, Craig Hugh. Repatriation of Art from the Collecting Bespeak in Munich afterward World War Ii. Maarsen, The Hague: G. Schwartz/SDU, 1988. (N 8795 .S64 1988) [Find in a library near you lot]

Provides the writer'due south account of his activities every bit the administrator of one of the largest looted art repositories in mail-war Europe. Includes endnotes, illustrations, and main source documents.

Restitution

Baresel-Brand, Andrea. Verantwortung wahrnehmen: NS-Raubkunst - eine Herausforderung an Museen, Bibliotheken und Annal = Taking Responsibility: Nazi-looted Fine art- A Claiming for Museums, Libraries, and Archives. Magdeburg: Koordinierungsstelle für Kulturgutverluste, 2009. (D 810 .A7 V47 2009) [Find in a library nigh you]

Presents 17 papers delivered at a briefing of the aforementioned name held in Berlin, December 2008. Examines issues related to restitution of cultural avails; provenance research; and compromises and resolutions to various claims. Each affiliate is in both English language and High german, with Hebrew summaries and endnotes at the end.
Campfens, Evelien. Fair and Merely Solutions?: Alternatives to Litigation in Nazi-Looted Art Disputes: Status Quo and New Developments. The Hague: 11 International Publishing, 2015. (K3791.A6 F35 2015) [Notice in a library nearly you]

Collected papers and proceedings from a 2012 briefing on methods of handling claims without litigation. Explores how the restitution process has inverse since the 1998 Washington Principles, different countries' approaches, issues surrounding artworks in national collections and the time to come of international cooperation. Contains example studies, interviews with claimants, appendices of various laws, declarations and resolutions, biographies of the authors and alphabetize.
Goodman, Simon. The Orpheus Clock: The Search for My Family'due south Art Treasures Stolen by the Nazis. 2016. (HG1552.G87 G66 2015) [Find in a library virtually you]

Details the Guttmann/Goodman family unit's multi-generational efforts to reclaim their stolen art collection from museums and private collections. Includes reproductions of looted works, a family tree, bibliographic references, index and appendix of recovered artwork.
Hay, Bruce L. Nazi-looted Art and the Police force: The American Cases. 2017. (KF1244 .H38 2017) [Find in a library nigh you lot]

Uses case studies to explicate American court cases brought past the victims of Nazis or their heirs. Explains in layman'southward terms the legal principles and specific laws practical in each case. Includes introduction, decision, bibliographic references and alphabetize.
Hopkinson, Christopher. Terezín Declaration-10 Years Later: The Documentation, Identification and Restitution of the Cultural Assets of WWII Victims. 2019. (PDF)

Proceedings of 2019 conference in Prague marking the tenth anniversary of the Terezin Annunciation on Holocaust-Era Avails and Related Bug. Papers encompass the cess of the progress in the previous decade, issues surrounding restitution processes and provenance research, the fate of looted books, training provenance researchers and case studies of specific collections. Contains foreword, illustrations and bibliographic references.
Kurtz, Michael J. America and the Return of Nazi Contraband: The Recovery of Europe's Cultural Treasures. Cambridge: Cambridge Academy Press, 2006. (D 818 .K85 2006) [Find in a library nigh you]

Details the history and development of art restitution policies and practices. Provides a history of Nazi looting and early on efforts by the Allies to repatriate art, Cold War era restitution activities, and issues concerning Jewish patrimony. Includes appendices, a bibliography, glossary, footnotes, illustrations, and an index.
Schnabel, Gunnar, and Monika Tatzkow. The Story of Street Scene: Restitution on Nazi Looted Fine art: Example and Controversy. Berlin: Proprietas, 2008. (ND 588.K47 A76 2008) [Find in a library near you]

Examines the history of the painting, Street Scene, and the negotiations to return the painting to the rightful owners. Includes endnotes and acknowledgments.
Trienens, Howard J. Landscape with Smokestacks: The Case of the Allegedly Plundered Degas. Evanston, IL: Northwestern Academy Press, 2000. (KF 228 .G665 T75 2000) [Find in a library near you]

Traces the history of a single painting from its creation in the 19th century through its restitution trial in the late 20th century. Includes endnotes.

Looted Books and Archives

Fishman, David E., Mark Kupovetsky and Vladimir Kuzelenkov. Nazi-looted Jewish Archives in Moscow: A Guide to Jewish Historical and Cultural Collections in the Russian State Military Archive. Scranton: University of Scranton Press, 2011.

Catalog and guide to Jewish archival collections originally looted by the Nazis that were later seized past the Soviet Army and sent to Moscow as trophies. Describes also Nazi party records and German language government records seized past the Soviets. Divided into sections by country. Lacks authoritative historical essay. Includes introduction, illustrations and appendix of collections repatriated to their countries of origin.
Gallas, Elisabeth, and Alex Skinner. A Mortuary of Books: The Rescue of Jewish Civilisation After the Holocaust. , 2019. (D804.three .G3535 2019) [Discover in a library nearly you]

Examines the postwar history of Jewish library and archival collections. Describes history of the U.Due south. Ground forces Offenbach Archival Depot. Discusses the negotiations around the final disposition of ownerless books and athenaeum. Highlights the work of four major figures who worked on this issue. Includes introduction, conclusion, illustrations, bibliographic references and an alphabetize.
Glickman, Mark. Stolen Words: The Nazi Plunder of Jewish Books. Lincoln: Academy of Nebraska Printing, 2016. (Z675.J4 G55 2016) [Find in a library nigh you lot]

Focuses on the Nazi annexation of Jewish books from libraries and private collections. Gives background information on the unlike organizations and individuals who confiscated books and their reasons. Describes resistance to the destruction, the rescue of books and the postal service-war challenge of restitution leading to the creation of the Jewish Cultural Reconstruction organization. Includes introduction, afterword, illustrations, bibliographic references and an alphabetize.
Rydell, Anders, and Henning Koch. The Book Thieves: The Nazi Looting of Europe's Libraries and the Race to Render a Literary Inheritance. New York: Penguin Books an banner of Penguin Random House LLC, 2018. (D810.L53 R94413 2017) [Find in a library near you]

Describes the Nazi looting of libraries belongs to Jews, Communists, LGBT organizations and other Nazi opponents throughout occupied Europe. Discusses how the Nazis used these books every bit propaganda. Focuses on the postwar fates of these books and restitution efforts, including the author'due south interest in returning a book found in the Berlin Central Library to its rightful owner. Includes foreword, afterword, illustrations, bibliographic information and an index.

Moving picture and Video

Berge, Richard, Nicole Newnham, Bonni Cohen, Jon Shenk, Robert K. Edsel, Joan Allen, and Lynn H. Nicholas. The Rape of Europa. Venice, Calif.: Video Service Corp, 2010. (DVD-772) [Find in a library nigh you] [Official website]

Based on the book with the same title, describes the Nazis' annexation of fine art across Europe and the postal service-war discovery and restitution of them. Includes interviews and historic film footage.
Usa. National Archives and Records Assistants. National Archives and Records Administration Symposium on Records and Research Relating to Holocaust-Era Assets 12/04/98. College Park, Physician: The Archives, 1998. (Video Collection) [Find in a library near you]

Recorded proceedings of a conference to investigate sources for research and writing on the topic of looted art.

Web Resources

Claims Conference/WJRO Looted Art & Cultural Property Initiative

Provides information on the Briefing on Jewish Fabric Claims Against Germany and Globe Jewish Restitution Organization'southward projects regarding the return of looted Jewish cultural property. Includes Handbook on Judaica Provenance Research: Ceremonial Objects , Descriptive Catalogue of Looted Judaica , details on their advancement, restitution and research and a list of suggested resource for research.
ERR Project - Cultural Plunder by the Einsatzstab Reichsleiter Rosenberg

Provides admission to resources and archival material about the Einsatzstab Reichsleiter Rosenberg (ERR) a main Nazi looting organisation. Includes a database of the inventory cards from the Jeu de Paume in Paris, a guide to ERR records in multiple athenaeum and a section on looted libraries. Joint project of the Conference on Jewish Fabric Claims Against Germany and the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum.
Galerie Heinemann Online

Provides admission to the digitized business records of the Jewish owned fine art dealer Galerie Heinemann, aryanized in 1939. Includes search tips and the history of the business concern.
German Sales Catalogs, 1900-1945

Describes project to document German art sales in the early 20th century past entering sales listings into the Getty Provenance Alphabetize and linking entries to the digitized catalogs. Project of the Getty Research Establish, Heidelberg Academy Library and the Kunstbibliothek—Staatliche Museen zu Berlin.
A Guide to Provenance Research at the Archives of American Art

Portal for resources relating to World State of war II-era provenance research at the Smithsonian Institution's Archives of American Art. Includes digitized records of art dealers, personal papers and oral histories of art dealers, Monuments Men and other participants.
International Research Portal for Records Related to Nazi-Era Cultural Property

Enables a unmarried search across publicly searchable archival collection at participating institutions around the world. Hosted past the European Holocaust Research Initiative.
Jewish Digital Cultural Recovery Project

Aims to create a single object-level database of Jewish-owned cultural goods plundered by the Nazis and their allies past combining multiple datasets. Started pilot stage in 2020.
The Central Registry of Information on Looted Cultural Property 1933-1945

Spider web presence of the Committee for Looted Art in Europe, an international non-profit organisation. Provides data most ongoing efforts to track looted cultural artifacts from the Nazi era, database of missing cultural objects, database containing resources in individual countries, information for claimants or their heirs, annotated bibliographies on looted art, the art trade and related topics and an extensive listing of online resources.
TransCultAA

Researches the transfer of cultural property during the 20th century in the Alpe-Adria region (parts of Italia, Austria, Slovenia, Croatia.) Includes timeline, online exhibitions, maps and bibliographic references.

By Private Country

Commission for the Compensation of Victims of Spoliation

French government bureau responsible for the identification and restitution of looted cultural assets. Includes database of works reported as stolen, information on submitting a claim, resources for conducting enquiry on fine art looted in French republic, and a bibliography.
Site Rose-Valland - Musées Nationaux Récupération

Contains searchable database of fine art and other cultural appurtenances all the same in the possession of the French government. Includes information on private and institutional libraries looted by the Nazis. In French.
German Lost Art Foundation

Central contact point for Nazi looted art problems for materials currently held in German institutions. Includes the Lost Art Database which lists missing, restituted and located cultural items. Provides access to enquiry findings on the Gurlitt Fine art Trove, information for victims and their heirs and listings for publications, conferences and research tools. Maintains Leitfaden "Provenienz Forschung" (Guidelines for Provenance Enquiry- in German) has a separate extensive appendix of online databases and information resource almost individual art dealers. Publishes results of research projects via Proveana (free registration required).
Origins Unknown

Contains database of looted art and other goods all the same in the Dutch regime'due south possession and artwork reported equally missing past victims that has not been restituted. Includes photographs for the 93% of items and information well-nigh the Practiced Center Restitution to help claimants.
Division of Looted Art - Polish Wartime Losses

Smoothen government website listing moveable cultural holding taken from the post-1945 borders of Poland. Includes data well-nigh restitution and exhibit of works that have been recovered.

Museum Web Resources

Library: Bibliography on Asset Restitution and Indemnification

Offers a listing of books and additional resources concerning efforts toward restitution and reparation for Nazi policies and assailment. Addresses matters concerning Swiss cyberbanking, compensation for slave laborers, and general efforts toward compensation. Gathered and annotated by the Library staff at the U.s.a. Holocaust Memorial Museum.
Symposium: Confiscation of Jewish Property in Europe, 1933-1945: New Sources and Perspectives (PDF)

The full programme of the symposium hosted by the Center for Advanced Holocaust Studies at the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum on March 22, 2001, featuring streaming sound files of all twelve presentations. Examines the institutions charged with implementing confiscation policies, the manner in which Jewish assets were seized, and the perspectives of those whose property was confiscated. As well considers the possibilities for and barriers to time to come inquiry.

Additional Resources

Subject Files

Ask at the reference desk to run into the subject files labeled "Fine art, Looted" and "Art Thefts" containing newspaper and periodical articles.

Subject Headings

To search library catalogs or other electronic search tools for materials on looted art, utilize the post-obit Library of Congress subject headings to call up the most relevant citations:

Art–Collectors and collecting
Fine art thefts
Fine art treasures in state of war
Lost works of art
World War, 1939-1945–Art and the war
World War, 1939-1945–Devastation and pillage

Encounter all Bibliographies

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Source: https://www.ushmm.org/collections/bibliography/looted-art